OVERVIEW OF HAARP WIKIPEDIA
This will enable scientists to develop methods to mitigate these effects to improve the reliability or performance of communication and navigation systems which would have a wide range of both civilian and military uses, such as an increased accuracy of GPS navigation and advances in underwater and underground research and applications. This may lead to improved methods for submarine communication or an ability to remotely sense and map the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, and perhaps underground complexes, of regions or countries, among other things. The current facility lacks range to be used in regions like the Middle East, according to one of the researchers involved, but the technology could be put on a mobile platform.[5]
Magnetosphere
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A magnetosphere is the area of space near an astronomical object in which charged particles are controlled by that object's magnetic field.[1][2] Near the surface of the object, the magnetic field lines resemble those of a magnetic dipole. Farther away from the surface, the field lines are significantly distorted by electric currents flowing in the plasma (e.g. inionosphere or solar wind).[3][4] When speaking about Earth, magnetosphere is typically used to refer to the outer layer of the ionosphere,[3] although some sources consider the ionosphere and magnetosphere to be separate.[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrojet
The presence of a non-negligible number of charge carriers makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. Plasma, therefore, has properties quite unlike those of solids, liquids, or gases and is considered a distinct state of matter. Like gas, plasma does not have a definite shape or a definite volume unless enclosed in a container; unlike gas, under the influence of a magnetic field, it may form structures such as filaments, beams and double layers. Some common plasmas are found in stars and neon signs. In the universe, plasma is the most common state of matter forordinary matter, most of which is in the rarefied intergalactic plasma (particularlyintracluster medium) and in stars. Much of the understanding of plasmas has come from the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion and fusion power, for which plasma physics provides the scientific basis.Some of the main scientific findings from HAARP include
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrojet
Plasma (physics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Plasma.
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| Top row: both lightning and electric sparks are everyday examples of phenomena made from plasma. Neon lights could more accurately be called "plasma lights", as the light comes from the plasma inside of them. Bottom row: Aplasma globe, illustrating some of the more complex phenomena of a plasma, includingfilamentation. The colors are a result of relaxation of electrons in excited states to lower energy states after they have recombined with ions. These processes emit light in a spectrumcharacteristic of the gas being excited. The second image is of a plasma trail from Space Shuttle Atlantis during re-entry into theatmosphere, as seen from the International Space Station. |
| Continuum mechanics |
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Plasma (from Greek πλάσμα, "anything formed"[1]) is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and gas). It comprises the major component of theSun. Heating a gas may ionize its molecules or atoms (reducing or increasing the number of electrons in them), thus turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and negative electrons or ions.[2] Ionization can be induced by other means, such as strong electromagnetic field applied with a laser or microwave generator, and is accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds, if present.[3] Plasma can also be created by the application of an electric field on a gas, where the underlying process is theTownsend avalanche.
- Generating very low frequency radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral electrojet, useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic antennas
- Generating weak luminous glow (measurable, but below that visible with a naked eye) from absorbing HAARP's signal
- Generating extremely low frequency waves in the 0.1 Hz range. These are next to impossible to produce any other way, because the length of a transmit antenna is dictated by the wavelength of the signal it must emit.
- Generating whistler-mode VLF signals that enter the magnetosphere and propagate to the other hemisphere, interacting with Van Allen radiation belt particles along the way
- VLF remote sensing of the heated ionosphere
Research at the HAARP includes
- Plasma line observations
- Stimulated electron emission observations
- Gyro frequency heating research
- Spread F observations (blurring of ionospheric echoes of radio waves due to irregularities in electron density in the F layer)
- High velocity trace runs
- Airglow observations
- Heating induced scintillation observations
- VLF and ELF generation observations[6]
- Radio observations of meteors
- Polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) have been studied, probing the mesosphere using the IRI as a powerful radar, and with a 28 MHz radar, and two VHF radars at 49 MHz and 139 MHz. The presence of multiple radars spanning both HF and VHFbands allows scientists to make comparative measurements that may someday lead to an understanding of the processes that form these elusive phenomena.
- Research on extraterrestrial HF radar echos: the Lunar Echo experiment (2008).[7][8]
- Testing of Spread Spectrum Transmitters (2009)
- Meteor shower impacts on the ionosphere
- Response and recovery of the ionosphere from solar flares and geomagnetic storms
- The effect of ionospheric disturbances on GPS satellite signal quality
- Producing high density plasma clouds in Earth's upper atmosphere[9]
